فایلساز
فروشگاه فایلساز ، فروش فایل ارزان , فروش ارزان فایل, پروژه, پایان نامه, مقاله و ...فایلساز
فروشگاه فایلساز ، فروش فایل ارزان , فروش ارزان فایل, پروژه, پایان نامه, مقاله و ...هندبوک توربین گاز: اصول و کاربرد
| دسته بندی | مکانیک |
| فرمت فایل | |
| حجم فایل | 5425 کیلو بایت |
| تعداد صفحات فایل | 462 |
هندبوک توربین گاز: اصول و کاربرد
زبان اصلی
Gas Turbine Handbook:
Principles and Practice
Contents
PREFACE ...............................................................................................xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................xiii
Chapter 1—THE GAS TURBINE EVOLUTION ................................ 1
History ................................................................................... 1
Technical Improvements ....................................................... 7
Chapter 2—APPLICATIONS.............................................................. 11
Jet Engines .................................................................................. 11
Mechanical Drive ......................................................................... 15
Chapter 3—HARDWARE.................................................................... 23
Similarities and Differences ....................................................... 23
Compressors ................................................................................ 27
Turbines ....................................................................................... 27
Combustors .................................................................................. 35
Bearing Design ............................................................................ 39
Chapter 4—GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS THEORY ............................ 45
Gas Turbine Operating Cycle ..................................................... 45
Component Efficiencies ............................................................... 49
Compressor .................................................................................. 52
Burner Section ............................................................................. 72
Turbine ......................................................................................... 72
Chapter 5—GAS TURBINE CONTROLS .......................................... 79
Gas Turbine Controls .................................................................. 79
Chapter 6—ACCESSORIES (Lube Oil, Coolers, Power)................... 93
Starting Systems ......................................................................... 93
Ignition Systems .......................................................................... 98
Lubrication Systems ................................................................. 102
Characteristics of Lube Oils ..................................................... 108
Chapter 7—PARAMETER CHARACTERISTICS ........................... 113
Vibration .................................................................................... 113
viii
Vibration Measurement ............................................................ 115
Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) ............................................ 117
Rotor Speed ................................................................................ 117
Oil Pressure & Temperature .................................................... 119
Chapter 8—GAS TURBINE INLET TREATMENT ........................ 123
The Environment ...................................................................... 123
Inlet Air Filters ......................................................................... 125
Filter and Gas Turbine Match .................................................. 130
Inlet Air Cooling ........................................................................ 130
Wet Compression ....................................................................... 136
Chillers ....................................................................................... 139
Chapter 9—GAS TURBINE EXHAUST TREATMENT.................. 141
Water or Steam Injection .......................................................... 146
Water Injection .......................................................................... 147
Steam Injection .......................................................................... 148
Selective Catalytic Reduction ................................................... 149
Chapter 10—GAS TURBINE ACOUSTICS
AND NOISE CONTROL ........................................................... 155
Combustion Turbines—Lots of Power in a Little Space ......... 155
Some Fundamentals of Acoustic ............................................... 158
Noise Criterion .......................................................................... 164
Noise Control ............................................................................. 165
Chapter 11—MICROTURBINES................................................................. 179
Microturbines ....................................................................................... 179
Applications ......................................................................................... 180
Hardware .............................................................................................. 182
Chapter 12—DETECTABLE PROBLEMS .................................................. 193
Gas Path Analysis ..................................................................... 194
Turbine Blade Distress ............................................................. 197
Compressor Fouling .................................................................. 205
Combustor Distress & Plugged Fuel Nozzles .......................... 209
Foreign/Domestic Object Damage ............................................ 209
ix
Worn Air/Oil Seals .................................................................... 211
Fuel Control Problems .............................................................. 212
Chapter 13—BOROSCOPE INSPECTION...................................... 215
Objectives & Expectations ........................................................ 215
A Back-up to Confirming Suspected Problems ........................ 218
Assessing Damage to the Compressor,
Combustor, and Turbine ........................................................... 219
Chapter 14—CASE HISTORY 1 ....................................................... 239
Chapter 15—CASE HISTORY 2 ....................................................... 259
Chapter 16—CASE HISTORY 3 ....................................................... 271
Chapter 17—CASE HISTORY 4 ....................................................... 279
Chapter 18—THE GAS TURBINE’S FUTURE ............................... 289
Appendix A
1. Gas Turbine Manufacturers
(Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers) ............................................ 297
2. Microturbines Manufacturers .......................................................... 314
Appendix B
1. Accessory Manufacturers
(Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers) ............................................ 315
Appendix C
1. Stanford Research Institute Chart .................................................... 335
2. PWA Material Chart ........................................................................... 338
3. Formulas (Interrelationship of Engine Parameters) ...................... 356
4. Hazardous Area Classification ......................................................... 364
5. Air Filter Selection Guideline Checklist ......................................... 365
6. Air/Oil Cooler Selection Guideline Checklist ............................... 368
7. Gaseous Fuel Properties .................................................................... 373
8. Liquid Fuel Properties ....................................................................... 380
9. List of Symbols ................................................................................... 382
x
10. Conversion Factors ............................................................................ 375
11. Inlet Water Cooling (Fogging) .......................................................... 380
12. Overall A-weighted Sound Level Calculation ............................... 383
13. Occupational Noise Exposure .................................................. 385
14. Elden F. Ray, Jr., P.E. Resume ................................................387
15. Microturbine and Power Converter Manufacturers ..................... 389
Appendix D
1. Technical Societies .............................................................................. 401
2. Technical Articles ............................................................................... 406
Index ............................................................................................................... 437
هندبوک توربین های گازی
| دسته بندی | مکانیک |
| فرمت فایل | |
| حجم فایل | 11981 کیلو بایت |
| تعداد صفحات فایل | 816 |
Gas Turbine Handbook
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Preface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii ForeWord to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv. Part I Design: Theory and Practice 1. An Overview of Gas Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Gas Turbine Cycle in the Combined Cycle or Cogeneration Mode. Gas Turbine Performance. Gas Turbine Design Considerations. Categories of Gas Turbines. Major Gas Turbine Components. Fuel Type. Environmental Effects. Turbine Expander Section. Materials. Coatings. Gas Turbine Heat Recovery. Supplementary Firing of Heat Recovery Systems. Bibliography.
2 Theoretical and Actual Cycle Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The Brayton Cycle. Actual Cycle Analysis. Summation of Cycle Analysis. A General Overview of Combined Cycle Plants. Compressed Air Energy Storage Cycle. Power Augmentation. Summation of the Power Augmentation Systems. Bibliography.
3 Compressor and Turbine Performance Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . 112
Turbomachine Aerothermodynamics. The Aerothermal Equations. Efficiencies. Dimensional Analysis. Compressor Performance Characteristics. Turbine Performance Characteristics. Gas Turbine Performance Computation. Bibliography.
4 Performance and Mechanical Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Major Variables for a Gas Turbine Application. Performance Standards. Mechanical Parameters. Application of the Mechanical Standards to the Gas Turbine. Specifications. Bibliography.
5 Rotor Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Mathematical Analysis. Application to Rotating Machines. Critical Speed Calculations for Rotor Bearing Systems. Electromechanical Systems and Analogies. Campbell Diagram. Bibliography.
Part II Major Components
6 Centrifugal Compressors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Centrifugal Compressor Components. Centrifugal Compressor Performance. Compressor Surge. Process Centrifugal Compressors. Bibliography.
7 Axial-Flow Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Blade and Cascade Nomenclature. Elementary Airfoil Theory. Laminar-Flow Airfoils, Cascade Test. Velocity Triangles. Degree of Reaction. Radial Equilibrium. Diffusion Factor. The Incidence Rule. The Deviation Rule. Compressor Stall. Performance Characteristics of an Axial-Flow Compressor. Stall Analysis of an Axial-Flow Compressor. Bibliography.
8 Radial-Inflow Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319
Description. Theory. Turbine Design Considerations. Losses in a Radial-Inflow Turbine. Performance of a Radial-Inflow Turbine. Bibliography.
wii
Viii Contents
9 Axial-Flow Turbines . . . . . .337
Turbine Geometry. Impulse Turbine. The Reaction Turbine. Turbine Blade Cooling Concepts. Turbine Blade Cooling Design. Cooled-Turbine Aerodynamics, Turbine Losses. Bibliography.
10 Combustors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Combustion Terms. Combustion. Combustion Chamber Design. Fuel Atomization and Ignition. Typical Combustor Arrangements. Air Pollution Problems. Catalytic Combustion. Bibliography.
Part Ill Materials, Fuel Technology, and Fuel Systems
11 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
General Metallurgical Behaviors in Gas Turbines. Gas Turbine Materials. Compressor Blades. Forgings and Nondestructive Testing. Coatings. Bibliography.
12 Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Fuel Specifications. Fuel Properties. Fuel Treatment. Heavy Fuels. Cleaning of Turbine Components. Fuel Economics. Operating Experience. Heat Tracing of Piping Systems. Types of Heat-Tracing Systems. Storage of Liquids. Bibliography.
Part IV Auxiliary Components and Accessories
13 Bearings and Seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Bearings. Bearing Design Principles. Tilting-Pad Journal Bearings. Bearing Materials. Bearing and Shaft Instabilities. Thrust Bearings. Factors Affecting Thrust-Bearing Design. ThrustBearing Power Loss. Seals. Noncontacting Seals. Mechanical (Face) Seals. Mechanical Seal Selection and Application. Seal Systems. Associated Oil System. Dry Gas Seals. Bibliography. 14 Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Gear Types. Factors Affecting Gear Design. Manufacturing Processes. Installation and Initial Operation. Bibliography.
Part V Installation, Operation, and Maintenance
| 15 Lubrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Basic Oil System. Lubricant Selection. Oil Sampling and Testing. Oil Contamination. Filter Selection. Cleaning and Flushing. Coupling Lubrication. Lubrication Management Program. Bibliography.
16 Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Vibration Measurement. Taping Data. Interpretation of Vibration Spectra. Subsynchronous Vibration Analysis. Using RTA. Synchronous and Harmonic Spectra. Bibliography. 17 Balancing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584 Rotor Imbalance. Balancing Procedures. Application of Balancing Techniques. User's Guide for Multiplane Balancing. Bibliography.
18 Couplings and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605
Gear Couplings. Metal Diaphragm Couplings. Metal Disc Couplings. Turbomachinery Uprates. Shaft Alignment. Bibliography.
Contents ix
19 Control Systems and instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634
Control Systems, Condition Monitoring Systems. Monitoring Software. Implementation of a Condition Monitoring System. Life Cycle Costs. Temperature Measurement. Pressure Measurement. Vibration Measurement. Auxiliary System Monitoring. The Gas Turbine. Failure Diagnostics. Mechanical Problem Diagnostics, Summary. Bibliography.
20 Gas Turbine Performance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Introduction. Performance Codes. Flow Straighteners. Gas Turbine Test. Gas Turbine. Performance Curves. Performance Computations. Gas Turbine Performance Calculations. Plant Losses. Bibliography.
21 Maintenance Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Philosophy of Maintenance. Training of Personnel. Tools and Shop Equipment. Turbomachinery Cleaning. Hot-Section Maintenance. Compressor Maintenance. Bearing Maintenance. Coupling Maintenance. Rejuvenation of Used Turbine Blades. Repair and Rehabilitation of Turbomachinery Foundations. Large Machinery Startup Procedure. Typical Problems Encountered in Gas Turbines. Bibliography.
Appendix: Equivalent Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799